Teosinte plants have main stalks that typically bear an elongate lateral branch at most nodes figure 1. The objectives of this 2yr field experiments were to determine the effect of plant density on maize plant morphology, canopy structure, and canopy light distribution. Today we will focus on the details of the leaves and stems. The leaf length, leaf width, leaf area and leaf area index lai increased from both the top and the bottom of the canopy. Primary root aborts after germination, and is replaced by fibrous adventitious ones from the base of stem. Plant morphology article about plant morphology by the free.
Up to 1 000 kernels may be produced by a single plant. The disadvantages of being a hybrid during drought. The study of various external features of the organism is known as morphology. Increasing planting density is an important practice associated with increases in maize yield, but densely planted maize can suffer from poor light conditions. Seeds and their morphological features with diagram. The integration of fruitful qtl becomes a major issue in current plant genomics. There are four major areas of investigation in plant morphology, and each overlaps with another field of the biological sciences first of all, morphology is comparative, meaning that the morphologist. There are two main systems in a plant, the root system and the shoot system.
Proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states 110, 22172222. The recent cloning of two classical maize mutants, ramosa1 ra1 by vollbrecht et al. Overexpression of the photoperiod response regulator. It can be applied to any species and involves a detailed study of vegetative and reproductive characters in order to form a profile of a plant, which can be used to make general comparisons of plant species displaying a similar structure or detailed. R2r2 r3r3 r4r4 r5r5 r6r6veve v1v1 v3v3 v7v7 v10v10 vtvt r1r1 r6r6corn growing cyclecorn growing cycle. Maize is cultivated at latitudes 50 degrees north and south, and even slightly higher from the equator.
Plant morphology is useful in the identification of plants. Sep 25, 2019 kernel size and morphology are two important yield. The name ramosa, from the latin ramus meaning branch, reflects the phenotype of the ra. Apr 29, 2016 consequently, much attention has been directed to how the maize canopy responds to increased plant density 12, 14, 15. Introduction maize zea mays l is the most important and most widely distributed cereal in the world after wheat and rice. Aug 28, 2018 maize originated as a tropical plant that required short days to transition from vegetative to reproductive development. The shoot system is made up of leaves, stems and fl owers. Maize plant morphology of contrasting genetic backgrounds, i.
It consists of two layersouter testa and inner tegmen. We tested the hypothesis that genotypes carrying the leafy trait taller plants with more leaves and greater leaf area development would have root morphologies. Plant morphology article about plant morphology by the. The leafy stalk of the plant produces pollen inflorescences and separate ovuliferous inflorescences called ears that yield kernels or seeds, which are fruits. In our twoyear field experiments, two morphologically different cultivars, zd958 less compact and dh618 more compact, were planted at 120,000 plants ha. Plant morphology or phytomorphology is the study of the physical form and external structure of plants.
In monocotyledonous plants, the primary root is short lived and is replaced by a large number of roots. Morphology of flowering plants objective type questions. May 01, 2015 the shoot apical meristem contains a pool of undifferentiated stem cells and controls initiation of all aerial plant organs. Dec 14, 2014 plant morphology of maize 1 to 4 meter tall approximately 30 leaves a erect stalk like structure is a meristem sheath surrounding the stalk expanded blade by blade joint or collar has nodes and internodes 5. A splitroot system was used to supply half of the roots with ammonium and the other half with nitrate.
Root morphology of contrasting maize genotypes agronomy. Leaf angle, tassel morphology, and the performance of. Plant morphology is closely related to other branches of botany, such as paleobotany, plant taxonomy and phylogeny plant forms are the result of a long historical development and reflect the plants similarities, plant physiology the dependence of form on function, ecology, phytogeography and geobotany dependence of form on external. A study was carried out in central bohemia to understand the effect of row spacing and stand density on plant morphology, productivity and quality of silage maize in two row spacing treatments 0. Morphological characteristics of maize plants in estimate the silage chemical composition article pdf available in brazilian journal of veterinary research and animal science 5 october. Pdf what is morphology pdf taranvir singh academia. Morphological characteristics of maize canopy development. In addition, in 2014, there was significant effect of sowing date sd on floret counts per plant. The kernel morphology km refers to the ratio of kernel length to kernel width in maize and is a seed. Kin recognition within a seed and the effect of genetic relatedness of an endosperm to its compatriot embryo on maize seed development. Root morphology of contrasting maize genotypes agronomy journal. Maize originated as a tropical plant that required short days to transition from vegetative to reproductive development.
Unesco eolss sample chapters soils, plant growth and crop production vol. Morphology of flowering plants mcq multiple choice question and answer morphology of flowering plants mcq with detailed explanation for interview, entrance and competitive exams. Maize stilt roots rhizophora respiratory roots root cap. A comprehensive metaanalysis of plant morphology, yield. While embryonically preformed roots dominate the early seedling root system, the adult root stock is determined by an extensive shoot borne root stock. Maize produces male inflorescences tassels which crown the plant at the stem apex, and female inflorescences cobs or ears, which are borne at the apex of condensed, lateral branches protruding from leaf axils. Plant producing large, narrow, opposing leaves about a tenth as wide as they are long, borne alternatively along the length of a stem. Oct 16, 2015 the integration of fruitful qtl becomes a major issue in current plant genomics.
Some useful publications on maize and teosinte morphology are listed below. Plant morphology represents a study of the development, form, and structure of plants, and, by implication, an attempt to interpret these on the basis of similarity of plan and origin. Consequently, much attention has been directed to how the maize canopy responds to increased plant density 12, 14, 15. Morphology of flowering plants class 11 notes download in pdf morphology the study of various external features of the organism is knownas morphology. As plant morphology developed, the following independent sciences were established. A homogeneously distributed supply of both nitrogen forms hs was the control treatment. The shoot apical meristem contains a pool of undifferentiated stem cells and controls initiation of all aerial plant organs. Effect of maize plant morphology on the formation of apical. Due to the regulated balance between stem cell maintenance and organogenesis, the structure and morphology. Chapter 5 morphology of flowering plants morphology. We tested the hypothesis that genotypes carrying the leafy trait taller plants with more leaves and greater leaf area development would have root morphologies differing from those of conventional maize hybrids. Crop science abstract leaf angle, tassel morphology, and. Much of the interest and controversy surrounding the domestication of maize arises from the fact that these two plants have such strikingly different morphologies. In some plants, like grass, monstera and the banyan tree, roots arise.
The angiosperms are characterized by presence of roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits. Maize is a tall, determinate annual monoecious having separate staminate and pistilate flowers on the same plant. To this end, we first collected qtl for six agriculturally important traits in maize, including yield, plant height, ear height, leaf angle, staygreen, and maize rough dwarf disease resistance. A plantdensity experiment using normal, ligulelessl, and liguleless2 leaf types at densities of 60,000, 75,000, and 90,000 plantsha in 50. In maize zea mays, leaves are formed throughout vegetative development.
The retromer protein zmvps29 regulates maize kernel. The study of various external features of the organism is known. This is usually considered distinct from plant anatomy, which is the study of the internal structure of plants, especially at the microscopic level. The root is underground part of the plant and develops from elongation of radicle of the embryo. Plant morphology or phytomorphology is the general term for the study of the morphology physical form and external structure of plants. Pdf morphological characteristics of maize plants in.
Geigi maize varies widely in height, some varieties may range from 0. The definition of plant morphology is the physical appearance of a plant. Root morphology and nitrogen uptake of maize simultaneously. Due to the regulated balance between stem cell maintenance and organogenesis, the structure and morphology of the shoot. The maize hairy sheath frayed1 hsf1 mutation alters leaf. Maize is a tall, determinate annual plant producing large, narrow, opposing leaves about a tenth as wide as they are long, borne alternately along the length of a solid stem. The metaanalysis method was then employed to retrieve 1 metaqtl. On this page, i will describe the differences in plant and inflorescence morphology between maize and teosinte following the system that my lab has used in its qtl studies.
Morphology of flowering plants class 11 notes download in pdf. Stem the stem generally attains a thickness of three to four centimeters. This document provides an overview of baseline biological information relevant to risk assessment of genetically modified forms of the species that may be released into the. Anjou 256 to a simultaneous, but separated supply of ammonium and nitrate localized supply, ls. Effect of va mycorrhizal fungi and rhizosphere microorganisms on root and shoot morphology, growth and water relations in maize by s. We modulated expression of zmcct10 in transgenic maize using two. A comparative analysis of various parameters that characterize plant morphology, growth, water status, photosynthesis, cell damage, and antioxidative and osmoprotective systems together with an itraq analysis of the leaf proteome was performed in two inbred lines of maize zea mays l. It is one of the most important branches of botany. The word corn outside north america, australia, and new zealand refers to any cereal crop, its meaning understood to vary geographically to refer to the local staple. Morphology, plant also phytomorphology, the study of the structure and form development of plants in their individual and evolutionaryhistorical development. We modulated expression of zmcct10 in transgenic maize using two constitutive. Kernel size and morphology are two important yield. In some plants, like grass, monstera and the banyan tree, roots arise from parts of the plant other than the radicle and are called adventitious roots figure 5.
Effect of different plant arrangements on maize morphology. The main functions of the root system are absorption of water and minerals from the soil, providing a proper anchorage to the. Morphological characteristics of maize canopy development as. The semicompact maize variety jh5 had more florets than did the compact maize variety ld9066 835.
Effect of maize plant morphology on the formation of. Plant morphology of maize 1 to 4 meter tall approximately 30 leaves a erect stalk like structure is a meristem sheath surrounding the stalk expanded blade by blade joint or collar has nodes and internodes 5. Nov 23, 2016 the objectives of this 2yr field experiments were to determine the effect of plant density on maize plant morphology, canopy structure, and canopy light distribution. Here we report the identification of the gene underlying the semidominant, leaf patterning, maize mutant hairy sheath frayed1 hsf1. The root is covered at the apex by the thumblelike structure. A plant density experiment using normal, ligulelessl, and liguleless2 leaf types at densities of 60,000, 75,000, and 90,000 plantsha in 50. George institute of plant nutrition, university hohenheim, box 70 05 62, d 7000 stuttgart 70, frg. Any alteration in the structure or function of an organism or any of its part that results from natural selection and by which the organism becomes better fitted to. The source of kernel loss, silking dynamics, and grainfilling characteristics of apical kernels were measured. The stem generally attains a thickness of three to four centimeters. Nafziger encyclopedia of life support systems eolss 1.
Diversity of maize shoot apical meristem architecture and. Zmcct10 co, constans, colike and timing of cab1 cct transcription factor family is a photoperiod regulator and was identified as a major qtl controlling photoperiod sensitivity in maize. The effects of nitrogen n on maize grain morphology and starch granules remain elusive. Similarly, the stems of maize and sugarcane have supporting roots coming out of the lower nodes of the. The distinguishing feature of maize is the separation of the sexes among its flowering structures. Morphology of the flowers of zea mays paul weatherwax with plates 5 and 6 and four text figures the structure of the maize plant presents a series of problems of a very special nature. Plant morphology is useful in the visual identification of plants.
The seeds are produced within the pods or leguminous fruits. The number of kernel rows may vary between four and 40, depending on the variety. Leaf removal affects maize morphology and grain yield. These roots originate from the base of the stem and constitute the fibrous root system, as seen in the wheat plant figure 5. Root morphology of contrasting maize genotypes article pdf available in agronomy journal 941 january 2002 with 739 reads how we measure reads. Maize root system architecture is determined by distinct embryonic and postembryonic root types that are formed during different phases of development.
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